Using the monthly sampling table for the ischemic stroke with IV t-PA, IA t-PA or MER subpopulation, the sample size required is 28 cases for the month. STK-10 Assessed for Rehabilitation. Using the monthly sampling table for the ischemic stroke subpopulation, the sample size is less than the minimum required monthly sample size, so 100% of the subpopulation or all 7 cases are sampled. This content does not have an English version. Find more information on our content editorial process. There are five major stroke measure sets. This means the patient passed every measure they qualified for. A hospitals Ischemic sub-population is 5 patients during February. Stroke Core Performance Measures HOS-Sanford Medical Center Fargo Annual summaries for 2020 through 2022 Updated: 2/2023 . View them by specific areas by clicking here. >ob=AOtVt. ASR-OP-2a Door to Transfer to Another Hospital Overall Rate2. The American Heart Association is a qualified 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization. Q2 (April 1-June 30); Q3 (July 1-September 30); Q4 (October 1-December 31); Q1 . The final clinical diagnosis is used to identify the measure population. I also included the complete list of measures required for each certification. Measure 6a is new and is being pilot tested in 2009. The American Medical Association does not agree to license CPT to the Federal Government based on the license in FAR 52.227-14 (Data Rights - General) and DFARS 252.227-7015 (Technical Data - Commercial Items) or any other license provision. 3 0 obj
1 0 obj
Major causes of HF are coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Measures for TJC Acute Stroke Ready Center Certification, 1. %PDF-1.7
Using the quarterly sampling table for the Ischemic sub-population, the sample size required is 20% of this sub-population, or 79 cases for the quarter (twenty percent of 392 equals 78.4 rounded up to the next whole number equals 79). Stroke is a leading cause of serious, long-term disability in the United States. endobj
ASR-IP-2: Antithrombotic Therapy Administered By End of Hospital Day 23. endobj
Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. CSTK-10c Functional Status Prior to Stroke-Independent: MER Therapy, 4. The required quarterly sample is 60 cases. A hospitals ischemic stroke patient population size is 200 cases during the second quarter. 7.gbu>/u?3>kW?^n-'\\o.T(A2Y/-.>+ Domain-specific outcomes for stroke clinical trials: what the modified Rankin isn't ranking. %
To search the historic measure inventory, enter one or more terms in the search box and hit enter or click the search button. The change in the performance measure requirements for Acute Stroke Ready Hospitals, (i.e., STK-OP-1 replacing ASR-OP-2 effective with discharges on and after July 1, 2021) can be found in several places. Data Source: American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines stroke database. Patient Age, in years, is equal to the Admission Date minus the Birthdate. Using the quarterly sampling table for the hemorrhagic stroke subpopulation, the sample size is less than the minimum required quarterly sample size, so 100% of the subpopulation or all 67 cases are sampled. The AMA disclaims responsibility for any consequences or liability attributable to or related to any use, non-use, or interpretation of information contained or not contained in this product.
Part 2: A review of the different stroke certifications. The CSTK Initial Patient Population is unique in that it is comprised of three distinct subpopulations: ischemic stroke patients who do not undergo a reperfusion therapy (i.e., procedure), ischemic stroke patients who undergo a reperfusion therapy (IV t-PA, IA t-PA, or mechanical endovascular reperfusion (MER) therapy), and hemorrhagic stroke patients. CSTK-05 Hemorrhagic Transformation, 1. The measure development and maintenance process is guided by expertise and advice provided by the Stroke Measure Maintenance Technical Advisory Panel (TAP). In addition, stroke rehabilitation incorporates prevention and treatment of medical and mental health complications such as aspiration pneumonia, soft-tissue contractures, decubitus ulcers, infection, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), malnourishment, and depression. Pathfinder 2e core rulebook pdf - qlu.lesthetiquecusago.it R,A`=N T$gZq,AW@0H#`.K#AJk_~}~Dc7?o=0T,qp{"+&y8N^-9yG-W +~ZY(DA[xvc2EGJv;P.Q12`3'o0f}ahq+ci;")i EmNW`0}d\K?QD-ki'e1ACa%i^\|.I$a-4>b(L There are no Stroke eCQMs applicable or available for Certification purposes. Hospital Inpatient Measures - QualityNet Home Understanding core measures for heart-failure treatment - American Nurse Download Get With The Guidelines- Stroke fact sheets and forms here. Comprehensive Core Stroke Measures were developed for the management of both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients in hospitals equipped with clinical expertise, infrastructure, and specialized neurointerventional and imaging services needed to provide a higher level of stroke care. Obtain useful information in regards to patient safety, suicide prevention, infection control and many more. We can make a difference on your journey to provide consistently excellent care for each and every patient. 2018 - 2021. 1 0 obj
Each certification may require your hospital to submit one or more of the five measure sets we reviewed above. 690 0 obj
<>stream
Set the Initial Patient Population Reject Case Flag to equal Yes. STK-OP-1 Door to Transfer to Another Hospital, 1. You, your employees and agents are authorized to use CPT only as contained in The Joint Commission performance measures solely for your own personal use in directly participating in healthcare programs administered by The Joint Commission. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has posted the electronic clinical quality measure ( eCQM) specifications for the 2021 reporting period for Eligible Hospitals and Critical Access Hospitals, and the 2021 performance period for Eligible Professionals and Eligible Clinicians. STK-OP-1i Ischemic Stroke; IV Alteplase Prior to Transfer, No LVO**ADDED as of 7/1/2021**, 3. Joint Commission Clinical Measures. A hospitals Ischemic sub-population is 100 during the first quarter. IQR Measures - Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services STK-OP-1b Hemorrhagic Strok3. Nozzle assembly is comprehensively flow tested to measure flow rate, leak and seat condition to validate injection consistency. The numerator options included in this This Agreement will terminate upon notice if you violate its terms. See our editorial policies and staff. Section 3. Measuring Emergency Department Performance Stroke | UofL Health 2021; 96:e1812-e1822 . CSTK-06 Nimodipine Treatment Administered6. Set the Initial Patient Population Reject Case Flag to equal Yes. This consensus core set was further discussed by all Collaborative members before being finalized. PDF CMCS Informational Bulletin - Medicaid.gov The required quarterly sample sizes for each sub-population would be 79 and 5. The annual Acute Care Hospital Quality Improvement Program Measures reference guide provides a comparison of measures for five Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) acute care hospital quality improvement programs, including the: Hospital IQR Program Hospital Value-Based Purchasing (VBP) Program Promoting Interoperability Program <>
ASR-OP-1 Thrombolytic Therapy (Drip and Ship)5. CSTK-09a Time (in minutes) from hospital arrival to skin puncture in patients with acute ischemic stroke who are transferred from another hospital and undergo endovascular treatment2. Based on this review and discussion the workgroups identified a consensus core set for the selected clinical areas. You can use the words "AND" and "OR" along . A modified sampling procedure is required for hospitals performing quarterly sampling for STK. The following sample size tables for each option automatically build in the number of cases needed to obtain the required sample sizes. Measure ID # Measure Short Name OP-23 . endobj
7500 Security Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21244, An official website of the United States government, National Impact Assessment of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Quality Measures Reports, http://www.qualityforum.org/CQMC_Core_Sets.aspx. stream
Stroke Core Measure - About Us - Mayo Clinic , . 2021 94.5% (307/325) 2020 91.7% (275/300) STK-2 2022 100.0% (117/117) . The guiding principles used by the Collaborative in developing the core measure sets are that they be meaningful to patients, consumers, and physicians, while reducing variability in measure selection, collection burden, and cost. CMS and TJC update Core Measures and retire some Core Measures on an ongoing basis. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Measures Inventory Tool Using the quarterly sampling table for the ischemic stroke subpopulation, the sample size required is 42 cases for the quarter. Using the monthly sampling table for the Hemorrhagic sub-population, the sample size is less than the minimum required quarterly sample size, so 100% of this sub-population is sampled. A hospital may choose to use a larger sample size than is required. In the final section, I review the way this information is submitted to The Joint Commission and CMS. promotion of measurement that is evidence-based and generates valuable information for quality improvement, reduction in the variability in measure selection, and. endobj
The six measures are: . Monthly sampling for the Ischemic sub-population: A hospitals Ischemic sub-population is 228 during March. STK-2 Discharged on Antithrombotic Therapy8. The coalition was convened in 2015 by Americas Health Insurance Providers (AHIP) and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and is housed at the National Quality Forum (NQF). A hospitals ischemic stroke patient population size is 295 cases during March. *7.`"}K3t;qBEN]1F"9V>7[?)] Refine processes and protocols to ensure they are in line with the guidelines. Due to exclusions, hospitals selecting sample cases MUST submit AT LEAST the minimum required sample size. Program details are found in Part 2. CSTK-05a: Hemorrhagic Transformation for Patients Treated with Intravenous (IV) Thrombolytic (t-PA) Therapy Only2. This product includes CPT which is commercial technical data, which was developed exclusively at private expense by the American Medical Association, 330 North Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611. Hospital OQR Quality Measures and Timelines for the CY 2021 Payment Determination . License to use CPT for any use not authorized herein must be obtained through the American Medical Association, Intellectual Property Services, AMA Plaza, 330 North Wabash Avenue, Suite 39300, Chicago, Illinois 60611-5885. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Measures Inventory Tool Stroke (STK) (v2021B) Home Stroke (STK) Release Notes: Measure Information Form Version 2021B Stroke (STK) On this page: Set Measures General Data Elements Algorithm Output Data Elements Measure Set Specific Data Elements Related Materials Initial Patient Population Algorithm Stroke (STK) Initial Patient Population Algorithm Narrative Contact Us, Hours Neurology. Patient education should include information about the event (e.g., cause, treatment, and risk factors), the role of various medications or strategies, as well as desirable lifestyle modifications to reduce risk or improve outcomes. Data collection for STK-OP-1 will replace ASR-OP-2. A hospitals Ischemic sub-population is 316 during January. In addition to accreditation, certification, and verification, we provide tools and resources for health care professionals that can help make a difference in the delivery of care. 7272 Greenville Ave. An antithrombotic is a medication that prevents blood clots. Eleven (11) ischemic stroke cases had IV or IA thrombolysis or a mechanical clot removal procedure during March. %PDF-1.4
%
Severity Measurement Performed for SAH and ICH Patients (Overall Rate), Rate of Rapid Effective Reperfusion From Skin Puncture. A hospitals hemorrhagic stroke patient population size is 392 cases during the second quarter. CSTK-10d Functional Status Prior to Stroke-Dependent: MER Therapy, 9. TARGET: STROKE MEASURE Door to IV rt-PA in 60 minutes (Historic-Quality): Percent of ischemic stroke patients receiving IV t-PA at your hospital who are treated within 60 minutes after triage (ED arrival). Calculate Patient Age. Using the quarterly sampling table for the ischemic stroke subpopulation, the sample size is less than the minimum required quarterly sample size, so 100% of the subpopulation or all 37 cases are sampled. If the Patient Age is greater than or equal to 18 years, continue processing and proceed to Length of Stay Calculation. You acknowledge that the American Medical Association (AMA) holds all copyright, trademark and other rights in CPT. 646 0 obj
<>
endobj
STK-8 Stroke Education10. Please see http://www.qualityforum.org/CQMC_Core_Sets.aspx for more information. Here are some resources to help you get started: JoAnne Marino is a Registered Nurse that is currently working as a Senior Clinical Consultant for Medisolv helping clients with the ENCOR Hospital Abstracted Measures. CSTK-03 Severity Measurement Performed for SAH and ICH Patients (Overall Rate)3. Approximately 2-4% of patients with stroke have their event while hospitalized for another condition, with almost one half resulting from a vascular procedure. <>
The primary source is the Disease-Specific Care Certification Manual, ASRH addendum. Finally, I have listed a few more resources for you. Using the quarterly sampling table for the Ischemic sub-population, the sample size is less than the minimum required quarterly sample size, so 100% of this sub-population is sampled. The primary source is the Disease-Specific Care Certification Manual, ASRH addendum. A hospitals hemorrhagic stroke patient population size is 67 cases during the second quarter. *Red Dress DHHS, Go Red AHA ; National Wear Red Day is a registered trademark. We aim to determine feasibility of implementing stroke core measures and training through blended learning modules in resource poor countries to improve stroke outcomes. Get more information about cookies and how you can refuse them by clicking on the learn more button below. At the beginning of 2020, The Joint Commission switched over to the Direct Data Submission Platform (DDSP). Any use not authorized herein is prohibited, including by way of illustration and not by way of limitation, making copies of CPT for resale and/or license, transferring copies of CPT to any party not bound by this Agreement, creating any modified or derivative work of CPT, or making any commercial use of CPT. CSTK-05b: Hemorrhagic Transformation Patients Treated with Intra-Arterial (IA) Thrombolytic (t-PA) Therapy or Mechanical Endovascular Reperfusion Therapy, 4. Get With The Guidelines- Stroke has been funded in the past through support from Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Boeringher-Ingelheim, and Merck. In the specifications manual, Version 2021B, it is in Section 7: Joint Commission National Quality Measures Data Processing, Joint Commission Stroke Measures table: https://manual.jointcommission.org/releases/TJC2021B/TransmissionChapterTJC.html. CSTK-01 National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS Score Performed for Ischemic Stroke Patients)2. A hospitals ischemic stroke patient population size is 200 patients during March. Measure Type: InpatientNumber of Measures Included: 3 process measuresCertification Requirement: The Joint Commissions Disease-Specific Care Certification, Measure Type: OutpatientNumber of Measures Included: 2 process measuresCertification Requirement: The Joint Commissions Disease-Specific Care Certification, Door to Transfer to Another Hospital**RETIRED Effective July 1, 2021**, Note: All Joint Commission certified acute stroke ready hospitals, as well as those seeking initial certification, will be required to collect the STK-OP-1 Door to Transfer to Another Hospital measure for discharges on and after July 1, 2021. Brainstorm with your team to find ways to improve your hospital's treatment rates. Using the quarterly sampling table for the ischemic stroke with IV t-PA, IA t-PA or MER subpopulation, the sample size required is 20% of this subpopulation or 45 cases for the quarter (20% of 223 equals 44.6 rounded to the next highest whole number equals 45). CPT is a registered trademark of the American Medical Association. Secure .gov websites use HTTPSA STK-4 Thrombolytic Therapy10. You can download it or email it to yourself to help you remember. The administration of anticoagulation therapy is an effective strategy in preventing recurrent stroke in high stroke risk-atrial fibrillation patients. Include the patient in the Initial Patient Population for the appropriate measures. We help you select and set up measures that make sense based on your hospitals situation. Repeat steps 8 and 9 until your team is happy with your treatment rates and your hospital is eligible for. CSTK-05b:Hemorrhagic Transformation Patients Treated with Intra-Arterial (IA) Thrombolytic (t-PA) Therapy or Mechanical Endovascular Reperfusion Therapy, 2. If you search for multiple terms, CMIT will return all deliverables containing at least one of the terms. Learn how working with the Joint Commission benefits your organization and community. The AMA does not directly or indirectly practice medicine or dispense medical services. MjMO2n7( LBm6N.Hl#|oKP?lEF@L9ew,w\XpP{]8vxmtV}Or,kU{ `B7{"'Tf(DL[}ZEY 7'XoFo(|{%Jlv,_v}%DPnpoAucQGPy'YVJGXv:E
j5(kts,?BcBKd?R . In the Hospital Inpatient VBP Program Final Rule, CMS adopted the 30-day mortality measures for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure (HF), and pneumonia* under the Outcome domain. The measure development and maintenance process is guided by expertise and advice provided by the Stroke Measure Maintenance Technical Advisory Panel (TAP). Please see link below for more information. STK-8 Stroke Education18. Time from symptom onset to stroke alert is delayed in in-hospital stroke. Twenty (20) ischemic stroke patients had a procedure for thrombolysis or mechanical clot removal. STK-1 Venous Thromboembolism (VTE Prophylaxis)4. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(491484, '41fd9d46-8610-4a5f-a135-c143fe55a31f', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); By JoAnne Marino April 30, 2021 Regulatory Updates: Hospital. Hospital Outpatient Quality Measure Stroke. ASR OP-2 Door to Transfer to Another Hospital **RETIRED Effective July 1, 2021**, 1. The required monthly sample is 60 cases. Through leading practices, unmatched knowledge and expertise, we help organizations across the continuum of care lead the way to zero harm. Regulatory/AccreditationExamples would include the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) required core measures (e.g., fibrinolytic therapy received within 30 minutes of emergency department (ED) arrival, aspirin at arrival) and documentation of Joint Commission standard achievement. Percent of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke patients who were assessed for rehabilitation services. LqV)%0w#lP.s9XsG58gX'5L S AP*=;%)e0J9_T-NXC4*~bTdsSFnde#;nOOyOqsi]qQV/Fb3KtK. CPT only copyright 2019 American Medical Association. The following sample size tables for each option automatically build in the number of cases needed to obtain the required sample sizes. 3= recommended; the outcome measure has good psychometric . Saturday: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. CT Of FSRMC patients treated with tPA, a clot-dissolver, or who underwent a procedure to retrieve a blood clot, 2.4% experienced complications, compared to the national average complication rate of 6.8%. A hospitals Hemorrhagic sub-population is 100 during the first quarter. Measure Submission Type: Measure data may be submitted by individual MIPS eligible clinicians, groups, or third party intermediaries. Medisolv can help you along the way. ) Applications are available at the American Medical Association Web site, www.ama- assn.org/go/cpt. <>/Metadata 285 0 R/ViewerPreferences 286 0 R>>
Measure Information 2021 Reporting Period; CMS eCQM ID: CMS71v10 Short Name: STK-3 NQF Number: Not Applicable Description: Ischemic stroke patients with atrial fibrillation/flutter who are prescribed or continuing to take anticoagulation therapy at hospital discharge. or In regard to stroke, The Joint Commission has four different types of certification programs that go along with these stroke measure sets. STK-3 Anticoagulation Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter14. uz'*\08 DLli_{5:G}M=}nS`M6C'{AREuw%~NM5Ydam\[\_#$
s8S@ AE"4u0qwCmWN N`h,bp``+bv\~B9M Disclaimer of Warranties and Liabilities. Return to Clinical Data Processing Flow in the Data Processing section. Using the quarterly sampling table for the hemorrhagic stroke subpopulation, the sample size required is 75 cases for the quarter. Ready to get started with CMIT 2.0? Core measures are based on the most common condition's hospitals see, such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure (HF), pneumonia, surgical care, children's asthma care, venous thromboembolism (VTE), stroke, and more. What is wrong with these people making it so complicated for us? Heres how you know. StrokEdge - neuropt.org PDF Stroke Core Performance Measures HOS-Sanford Medical Center Fargo <>
STK-OP-1g Ischemic Stroke; IV Alteplase Prior to Transfer, LVO and MER Eligible**ADDED as of 7/1/2021**8. The following are Stroke eCQMs used by The Joint Commission. Using the notice and public comment rule-making process, CMS also intends to implement new core measures across applicable Medicare quality programs as appropriate, while eliminating redundant measures that are not part of the core set. The measure set contains two independent sub-populations: Ischemic STK patients and Hemorrhagic STK patients. Get With The Guidelines- Stroke supports hospitals in many ways, including: Data submission and feedback reporting are performed using the American Heart Association's Get With The Guidelines Registry (IRP)(link opens in new window). PDF Stroke Core Stroke Measures - University of Florida Fee schedules, relative value units, conversion factors and/or related components are not assigned by the AMA, are not part of CPT, and the (AMA is not recommending their use. Research projects are hypothesis-driven studies that are developed into manuscripts suitable for peer-reviewed publication. stream
STK-6 Discharged on Statin Medication9. Drive performance improvement using our new business intelligence tools. <>>>
A hospitals hemorrhagic stroke patient population size is 795 cases during the second quarter. Find evidence-based sources on preventing infections in clinical settings. %PDF-1.5
Measures that include patient and/or caregiver engagement Adult Recommended Core Measures Controlling High Blood Pressure Use of High-Risk Medications in the Elderly Preventive Care and Screening: Tobacco Use: Screening and Cessation Intervention Use of Imaging Studies for Low Back Pain Using the quarterly sampling table for the Hemorrhagic sub-population, the sample size required is 20% of this sub-population, or 79 cases for the quarter (twenty percent of 392 equals 78.4 rounded up to the next whole number equals 79). Dallas, TX 75231, Customer Service CMS will go through a public notice and comment rule-making for implementation of these core sets and looks forward to public input on the measures included in these core measure sets. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. *{o7@FNhR/ Improve Maternal Outcomes at Your Health Care Facility, Accreditation Standards & Resource Center, Ambulatory Health Care: 2023 National Patient Safety Goals, Assisted Living Community: 2023 National Patient Safety Goals, Behavioral Health Care and Human Services: 2023 National Patient Safety Goals, Critical Access Hospital: 2023 National Patient Safety Goals, Home Care: 2023 National Patient Safety Goals, Hospital: 2023 National Patient Safety Goals, Laboratory Services: 2023 National Patient Safety Goals, Nursing Care Center: 2023 National Patient Safety Goals, Office-Based Surgery: 2023 National Patient Safety Goals, The Term Licensed Independent Practitioner Eliminated, Updates to the Patient Blood Management Certification Program Requirements, New Assisted Living Community Accreditation Memory Care Certification Option, Health Care Equity Standard Elevated to National Patient Safety Goal, New and Revised Emergency Management Standards, New Health Care Equity Certification Program, Updates to the Advanced Disease-Specific Care Certification for Inpatient Diabetes Care, Updates to the Assisted Living Community Accreditation Requirements, Updates to the Comprehensive Cardiac Center Certification Program, Health Care Workforce Safety and Well-Being, Report a Patient Safety Concern or Complaint, The Joint Commission Stands for Racial Justice and Equity, The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, John M. Eisenberg Patient Safety and Quality Award, Bernard J. Tyson National Award for Excellence in Pursuit of Healthcare Equity, Continuing Education Credit Information FAQs, Measures for Acute Stroke Ready Center Certification, Measures for Primary Stroke Center Certification, Measures for Thrombectomy Capable Stroke Center Certification, Measures for Comprehensive Stroke Center Certification, eSTK-2 Discharged on Antithrombotic Therapy, eSTK-3 Anticoagulation Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter, eSTK-5 Antithrombotic Therapy by End of Hospital Day Two, ASR-IP-1 Thrombolytic Therapy: Inpatient Admission, ASR-IP-2 Antithrombotic Therapy By End of Hospital Day 2, ASR-IP-3 Discharged on Antithrombotic Therapy, ASR-OP-1 Thrombolytic Therapy: Drip and Ship, CSTK-01 National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) Score Performed for Ischemic Stroke Patients, CSTK-02 Modified Rankin Score (mRS) at 90 Days, CSTK-03 Severity Measurement Performed for SAH and ICH Patients, CSTK-04 Procoagulant Reversal Agent Initiation for Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH), CSTK-06 Nimodipine Treatment Administered, CSTK-08 Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) Post-Treatment Reperfusion Grade, CSTK-10 Modified Rankin Score (mRS) at 90 Days: Favorable Outcome, CSTK-11 Rate of Rapid Effective Reperfusion From Hospital Arrival, CSTK-12 Rate of Rapid Effective Reperfusion From Skin Puncture, STK-1 Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Prophylaxis, STK-2 Discharged on Antithrombotic Therapy, STK-3 Anticoagulation Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter, STK-5 Antithrombotic Therapy By End of Hospital Day Two, STK-OP-1 Door to Transfer to Another Hospital, STK-VOL-1 Eligible Ischemic Stroke Patients Who Receive Mechanical Endovascular Reperfusion Therapy.