reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdfreasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf

Keywords: Civil war, Secession, Self-determination, Nationalism and Restructuring, This work critically examines the issues undermining the unification of Nigeria, using indicators and concepts including failed state, separatist agitation and insecurity. we are proud to nigeria our inherited country,god bless nigeria. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. endobj /Font << Stated reasons of the coup were prevailing gangsterism and disorder, corruption and nepotism in the civil government. It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. This is so because where federal principles apply, the various ethnic groups that cannot or dont form majority to produce large part may have the opportunity of governing themselves within their federating unit controlled by them. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. I love this article,very educating and interesting Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. Federal System of Government/Federalism | Week 8. /Filter /DCTDecode Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. It should be noted, however, that the Leagues significantly differ from modern federations in one respect: namely, while the various governments freely interacted, no prosperous direct contact between the populace of the various governments was permitted. Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder, Best Lawyers In The World (With Pictures): Top 10 Most Popular, Factors that Limits Independence of the Judiciary in Nigeria, Statute of Fraud: Contracts Required to be in Writing, Advantages And Disadvantages Of a Limited Liability Company (LLC), Richest Christian Musicians In The World: Top 10 Wealthiest, Countries With The Highest Minimum Wage 2022: Top 13, Best Handworks/Skills To Learn In Nigeria 2023: Top 12 Most Lucrative, Richest Engineers In Nigeria 2022: Top 10 Highest Paid, Cheapest Places to Live in the United Kingdom 2022: 12 Most Affordable, Cheapest Places/Cities To Live In Nigeria 2022. The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. The size of Nigeria is therefore managed and maintained with federalism. Here, both the majority and minority are represented in the government. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. ! He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. The unity here is brought about by the desire of the component units of the federation to form union in respect of some matters. It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. Prof. Jan Robert Go of the Department of Political Science, UP Diliman. Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. by the federal or any state government. /BitsPerComponent 8 This has nexus with the particular sharing formula adopted. The military were able to create more states because military decrees do not pass the same rigorous method bills pass in a democratic government. Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting . Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation facing challenges within the balance of economic development along ethnic divisions in society. It means that the sovereign unit (Centre) and local units . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] Ethnic, Religious and Geographical Factor 3.5 5. As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. /Parent 2 0 R First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. stream Adobe d C Why do nations federate?, what are the factors or conditions to have necessitated the adoption of federalism?, how is a federation to be organized?, how is power to be shared between the levels of government in a federation?, is federalism a means to an end or an end itself?, why do some federations succeed and others fail?. Email Address. In Nigeria, the main reason for the adoption of a federal arrangement was the sociological complexity of the society, its ethnic and geographical diversity. What a nice and educating document!We are grateful for this post. That is often the reason why some adherents of Marx quarrel vehemently about such preordained classification such as: haves and have-nots; and the liberal minds grappling with, insisting not only that all hands are not equal, but that they must never, for whatsoever reason at all, be made equal - believing that that would tantamount to the highest injustice. The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. The fear of marginalization by the minority in a unitary system of government has, to a great extent, influenced the majority state support for federating states. By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Evidently, Nigeria's political culture. 3. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. /Length 14727 In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. The construct of federalism, which originates with the concept of intergovernmental relations, dates back to the Greek civilization. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation What is federalism? 3. What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. /Type /XObject Northern Cameroons should remain with Northern Nigeria but Southern Cameroon should be granted autonomy with a legislature of its own. The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Prior to independence, it is believed that the British adopted federalism because it favored their interest. The Political Economy and Un-ending Search, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Federalism, Decentralisation and the Liberalisation of Business Environment in Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, Nigerian Pseudo-Federalism and the Agitations for Restructuring, The evolution of fiscal centralism and strong centre federalism in Nigeria An historical analysis, The Nigerian fiscal formulas and the agitations for resource control in the Niger delta region of. ff>qsfN? ICT services have help in the improvement of the markets, reduction in transaction costs and increase . Economic factors in adoption of federalism in Nigeria are not unconnected with the issues of resource control, wealth generation and redistribution, and income distribution. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Useful tips on how to download from YouTube using SS, 10 most delicious Nigerian dishes for dinner, "Youve admitted election was flawed", Atiku replies Tinubu campaign, Whitney Adeyemi: Protest Hits Lagos as Residents Besiege Chrisland School, Long Fulani tribal braids: 30 beautiful styles to try out, Old Naira notes: 5 key things to know about Supreme Court's final verdict, "Precious don finish work": Little girl with 'anointing' prays passionately over food as mum watches, video trends. REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF FEDERALISM According to IDEA (2015:3), federalism is adoption for the following reasons: Scale: This credited the operation of federalism to the adoption of democracy which allowed for citizens to participate directly in political life. If the desire to remain separate does not exist, the the association will not be federal but unitary with some delegation of powers to local government. To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. (eds. The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? /F1 6 0 R +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. Now, because the level of the development of the productive forces was still at a rudimentary stage, the pervasiveness of commodity relations was equally at a low level. Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). Moreover, it is important to note that most of the ethnic groups in Nigeria had strong political inter-group relationship before colonial rule. Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. Do you want to know the basis and the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? And even now we can see the population of Nigeria compared to other countries in Africa. This is why there is a clamoring for restructuring and true federalism in Nigeria. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. All rights reserved. |4-Iv This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance, Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria, How To Calculate OAU Aggregate Score for Admission, Best Education Websites and Blogs In Nigeria (2021), Lakzeland Regional High School Board Of Education, Student Loan Planning Educational Webinar With Justin Rice, Is Agricultural Chemicals a Good Career Path? By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. 7 Topics Revenue Allocation in Nigeria | Week 9. But besides these three major tribes, there are over 350 other smaller tribes with diverse languages and dialects. . In 1954, the Nigerian founding fathers opted for a federal system of government despite its inherent challenges in a pluralistic society. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? Required fields are marked *. Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, The politics and problem of fiscal federalism and revenue allocation formula in Nigeria: Who should get what, how, when and why, Resource Control: a Necessary Element for True Federalism in Nigeria, THE IMPACT OF STATE JOINT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT ON STATE LOCAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA, MEMORANDUM ON TRUE FEDERALISM SUBMITTED BY THE 'RESTRUCTURE NIGERIA' COMMUNITY AS A RESPONSE TO THE APC COMMITTEE CALL ON TRUE FEDERALISM, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES The Legal Framework for the Corporate Existence of Nigeria, Intricacies and paradoxes federalism and secessionism in Nigeria.pdf, Civic Education Curriculum Implementation, NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: PURSUIT, PROSPECTS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO UNITY AND NATION BUILDING, Constitutions Making, Amendments, Reviews and Nigerias Political Development: The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. Resource control: 3.7 7. ideology, federalism becomes the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the. However, where there is a conflict of authority between the federal government and regional government, the federal authority supersedes. Your email address will not be published. /Length 3884 This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 197 pages. Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. The analysis of the emerging issues and scenarios as well as the response options aims at supporting the efforts of different stakeholders including the Federal government on managing the current pro-Biafra agitation. s" The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. Federalism also in this manner, preserves cultures of the minorities from being drowned in the ocean of the cultures of the majorities. The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. It represents a synthetic between two perspectiveneess; one is that politics of the United States should produce the good commonwealth and the other is that the principal task of politics is to create an open political market. Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. Nigeria can be said to be operating the federal system of government, whereas in actual practice, the country is tending towards a unitary system. sir Arthur Richards strengthened this proposal in 1945 and regionalism was introduced by his administration in 1946. /F4 15 0 R Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Geographical nearness of the component states to each other and the state network of roads and transportation. The effectiveness of linking communications has been a vital factor in geographical unit. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard , when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. It has been suggested that the creation of more states and local government have helped in the distribution of national cake. *$( %2%(,-/0/#484.7*./. C By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. For citation see: http://www.cejiss.org/issue-detail/biafra-s-resurgence-state-failure-insecurity-and-separatist-agitations-in-nigeria. Identities can be in terms of ethnicity, culture, religion and other differences," she says. You are already subscribed to our newsletter! Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. It discovered a positive relationship between the changes in the fiscal structure and the aggravation of ethnic minorities' struggles. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. Nigeria thus consists of various ethnic groups and sub-national states, all of which are at the mercy of the Central government. Nigeria, a previously unitary state, became a federation in 1954. >> Federalism was implemented in Nigeria as way back as 1946 during the British colonial era. Moreover, Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey. (8 Best Paying Jobs), General consensus among our leaders when seeking independence from Britain. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. >> Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting both fancied and real fear of domination among the minorities. Thus, Nigeria's federalism is not only complex but also hard to understand. This simply means that federalism in Nigeria provides accommodation, an institutional arrangement which gives the component units equal and coordinate jural status. Take for example, in the Nigerian case of Attorney General of Federation v Attorney General of Abia and others (2002) 3 NCLR 1ar p 54, the issue of resource control in a true federalism was the bone of contention in that matter. Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. Policy Brief on the agitation for cessation of Biafra republic from the Nigerian state, response to the agitation and the options to address the issues. Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria include: 1. Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. Over the years the fiscal federalism in Nigeria has crystallised and remained . This was a period when long efforts were made to identify the legal relationships between the Leagues and the City States (Mogi, 1931:21). You can download the paper by clicking the button above. In developing countries like India, Iraq and Nigeria, federalism has either failed to close developmental gaps and ethno-communal tensions among various states or, more worryingly, in some. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. Some of the reasons include preservation of identities. It also shows the growth rate as an engine to the development of economies of developing countries like Nigeria in this 21p century. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. 74 . Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. The paper begins by placing the question in an historical context examines its different phases and characters. Another cogent reason for federalism in Nigeria is the fear of marginalization. It argues that although deficient in popular sovereignty, the Constitutions legitimacy is moot since it is the operative law that governs the country. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. However, it is also fact that since independence Nigeria has promulgated several constitutions and that if Nigeria wanted an alternative system of government, she could have opted for it. Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria. 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Federalism therefore involves the linkage of individuals, groups and policies in lasting but limited union in such a way as to provide for the energetic pursuit of common goals while maintaining the respective integrities of all parties. There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. %PDF-1.5 +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Manages And Maintains And Secures Nigeria. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? /Width 371 This paper recommends that there should be an overhaul of the political system through constitutional amendment process to expunge provisions that negate federalism and provide for implementation of true federalism. Also see: Reasons why lawyers wear wigs to court, Origin and nature of federalism in Nigeria. 6 0 obj 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances. /Resources << Nigeria's independence was gotten and founded on the basis of a federalist system of Government. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. @VF:8=|@5&/1df gbjtCoy(L5A,JCI1/'5DT8`A!UY*&wTN5[v;KXvH* 5:>}W^Bp_ ;R!&L %s\q'(], The origin of federalism in Nigeria can be traced to the colonial era. Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. The Plural nature of Nigeria. stream Your email address will not be published. Keywords: Federalism, Nigeria, ethnic groups, federal character principle . five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. A Policy Brief examining the actors, factors and dynamics of the agitations, questioning if the current agitation is another flash in the pan and if current responses are adequate to address the agitations for secession of Biafra from Nigeria. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. V(B8eDK@sx AK hG~ u;6DV,pwP# _ O4C sR 8_yC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ More importantly, certain heavy but blurred (or fluid) terminologies that define or designate Nigerias federal principle, which are highly pertinent to coexistence, have yet compounded the theoretical and practical significance of federalism in Nigeria. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. 7. Promoters of the idea were of the view that the The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. Again, in 1967 twelve states were created to appease the interest of those clamoring for states and weaken the geo-political holds of Biafra. Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. a group of selected academic teachers this book is suitable for adoption as a resource for a case driven approach to teaching "Corporate Governance" courses at an upper undergraduate or graduate level. 2023, Bscholarly LLC. welcome, and thanks for reading us. The states too have no resources for development but depended on federal grants.