document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The diadem-wearing woman's identity has intrigued scientists since archaeologists unearthed her burial in 2014. So much so that they expanded out of the steppes, along with other related peoples, and into Neolithic Europe. The groundbreaking promise of cellular housekeeping. Simple. Heres the technology that helped scientists find itand what it may have been used for. An interesting discussion, but probably twenty years too early. Earlier this year, researchers announced they had discovered the woman's and a man's remains interred together in a large ceramic pot buried in what was likely an ancient palace. Yamnaya Steppe Pontic Caspian Eurasian Switzerland Swiss european Neolithic stone age Genetic Gene Ed My name is Edward Whelan and I graduated with a They were mobile, Recent DNA analysis from the Neolithic Whitehawk population suggests they were generally dark eyed and dark skinned in comparison to the that eventually replaced them around 4,400 years ago.
, The 'extreme cruelty' around the global trade in frog legs, What does cancer smell like? The StJ documentary features a lot of cool artwork too, like this: For facial reconstructions of European Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Early European Farmers, and older Yamnaya and Corded Ware reconstructions, see this article: https://thuletide.wordpress.com/2021/03/13/facial-reconstructions-of-ancient-europeans-from-mesolithic-to-bronze-age-infographic-collages/. Also, young warriors tend to die in a ditch far from home and seldom get a burial. Yamnaya: Genetics & Societal Organization David W. Anthony - reddit Modern Skull Study. They were brown-eyed for the most part with darker hair than northern Europeans. His skeleton was buried in a kurgan, crouched on its back and covered in red ocher. Do we know if the yamnaya people had occipital buldge? People living on a milk-based diet would have an evolutionary advantage if they could tolerate milk. Thought pasteurization is a preservation technique, so milt will keep more than a day. EDIT: http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/05/european-blond-hair-may-have-originated.html This is where I read about blond hair and ANE. It was difficult to make him smile without looking too creepy, Nilsson says. "Luckily, the diadem (the silver crown) was found in place, around her head, so that gives us some measure for her head, but it was still a challenge. In the Bronze Age woman's case, she died between the ages of 25 to 30 years old and had several congenital conditions, including a missing neck vertebra and rib. Corinthian Helmet. The Neolithic population that the 5,600-year-old Whitehawk woman belonged to, for instance, generally had lighter skin and darker eyes than earlier occupants of Britain such as Cheddar Man, but were darker than the exhibits Ditchling Road man, who arrived on the island in the first wave of light-skinned, light-eyed Beaker people from continental Europe around 4,400 years ago. Much of the expansion from the Black Sea all the way (eventually) to the British Isles was driven by bands of young men leaving their clan to raid and dominate others beyond. "It is important to be aware that these bones we now see were real people, with their own domestic dramas, who laughed when someone told a joke, who cared for loved ones and lived in a very different world from our own.". What was their phenotype? Now for someone different, a proto-Indo-European. From his skeleton he was apparently a mass of muscle too. One of Earth's loneliest volcanoes holds an extraordinary secret. Always use a VPN or Tor and practice good OPSEC. Over hundreds of years and many generations, this drove the expansion west and east. The role of people with ASD in history has been overlooked. The Yamnaya and their descendants and cousins replaced to some extent or another the people in Europe before them. Nothing is known about his DNA, however craniometric analyses suggest that he was in the same cluster as the specimens from the Copper Age Nalchik cemetery, who were possibly Steppe Eneolithic (Proto-Yamnaya). (2014), it is also possible that positive selection since ancient times has increased the presence of blond hair and blue eyes in modern populations compared to ancient populations, so it is not always helpful to look at modern ancestry to ascertain an ancient phenotype. Those with ASD think within the box only when forced by convention. Right: Reconstruction of Yamnaya-skull. Male face from Yamnaya culture, from the Caspian steppes in Russia between 5,000-4,800 years ago. Theyre from the new 40 min Yamnaya documentary by Survive the Jive, which is probably one of his best videos yet (link at the end of this article). Consistent with this, we observe that earliest known individual with the derived allele is the [Siberian] ANE individual Afontova Gora 3 which is directly dated to 16130-15749 cal BCE (1471060 BP, MAMS-27186: a previously unpublished date that we newly report here). In this documentary film you can see 3D forensic facial reconstructions of Yamnaya men by the artist Robert Molyneaux and you can learn all about what Yamnaya New York, In 2018, the dark-skinned, blue-eyed facial reconstruction of Cheddar Man, a 10,000-year-old British resident, made international headlines and sparked discussions about native identity in a nation grappling with Brexit and issues of migration. Facial Reconstructions of Yamnaya Aryan Skulls | Y-DNA Haplogroup R1B | Aryan Phenotypes 2,229 views Premiered Nov 18, 2021 These Yamnaya skull Dead Meat (2016) - A short film by Robert Molyneaux. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? They possibly invented the wheel, they may have been the first to domesticate and ride horses, and they invented 4-wheeled, ox-drawn axeled wagons that enabled them to drive herds of cattle across the steppes. What if we could clean them out? (LogOut/ Lab-grown minibrains will be used as 'biological hardware' to create new biocomputers, scientists propose, Ancient Roman 'spike defenses' made famous by Julius Caesar found in Germany, 'Building blocks of life' recovered from asteroid Ryugu are older than the solar system itself, New Moai statue that 'deified ancestors' found on Easter Island, The ultimate action-packed science and technology magazine bursting with exciting information about the universe, Subscribe today and save an extra 5% with checkout code 'LOVE5', Engaging articles, amazing illustrations & exclusive interviews, Issues delivered straight to your door or device. IIRC the Early Indo-Europeans received a massive amount of blood from the direction of the Caucasus, which may have been mostly matrilineal since the Y-dna didn't change. Not according to biology or history. Haplogroup R1, especially subclades Blond hair is supposed to have come from the ANE, one of the main ancestral groups of the Proto-Indo-Europeans: The derived allele of the KITLG SNP rs12821256 that is associated with and likely causal for blond hair in Europeans [4,5] is present in one hunter-gatherer from each of Samara, Motala and Ukraine (I0124, I0014 and I1763), as well as several later individuals with Steppe ancestry. (Reconstruction: There is also a gap between neanderthal extinction and the appareance of blue eye or blond hair phenotypes in homo sapiens. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. To clarify which bones did not survive, Bruno rendered them as gray and transparent in a video showing the reconstruction process. Read more about the Yamnaya on the Wikipedia page but as always do so with a pinch of salt. All rights reserved. Anyways the Yamnaya seemed a bit darker regarding skin complexion but I think I read somewhere that blond hair developed amongst Ancient North Eurasian populations which made up like half of the Yamnaya ancestry, so they could have had low frequencies of blond hair. She was excavated in 1933 from a burial in the , one of Britains earliest Neolithic monuments. Eco-friendly burial alternatives, explained. Classify facial reconstructions from Yamnaya culture. NY 10036. Where the blue haired, blond eyed people of the nazi myths or where they something else? Some offshoots even briefly conquered ancient Egypt, bringing the chariot and other technology with them. People in my family have those features, and I am indian. Search Reddit posts and comments - see average sentiment, top terms, activity per day and more Post it in this article's comment section, Debunking "Understanding Race" (2022): Thuletide mentioned in libtard race-denialism book written by American Museum of Natural History scientists and published by UK's Cambridge University, OPSEC/InfoSec 101: How to not get doxed and how to encrypt your hardware, What is "White?" Required fields are marked *. Could be that there was more pigmentation variation than we assume, could be that the PIE got darkened up from a foreign source. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. He was buried in a kurgan with numerous articles made of copper and meteor iron, and a wagon. Thankfully, they'll all miss. Ancient DNA reveals how Europeans developed light skin and "This information is always taken into account when producing the face reconstruction," Bruno said. Is there bias against them being blond/blue eyed, skin color just to be PC? Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts, http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/05/european-blond-hair-may-have-originated.html. A subreddit for discussion of common Indo-European culture - descended from the [Proto-Indo-Europeans](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans), and evident in the various languages, mythologies, and rituals of Eurasia. But it was more complicated and gradual than that. They represent people that played an important role in the dynamics of the EBA Pontic-Caspian Steppe. New Yamnaya facial reconstructions, with accurate pigmentation phenotypes Date: October 1, 2021 Author: thuletide 3 Comments As far as I know, these are the first I used laser scans of the earplugs and the diadem in the face reconstruction. Their facial reconstructions are based on remains from elsewhere in Europe, but artifacts found in the Brighton area show that both were local residents some 40,000 years ago. WebThe paper deals with cranial remains from the cemeteries of the Yamnaya (Pit-grave) and Sintashta archaeological cultures investigated in the areas directly adjacent to the fortified settlement Arkaim, which belongs to the Chelyabinsk State Historical and Cultural Reserve Arkaim and the Kizil Valley. As far as I know, the first known blond-haired, blue-eyed person in history was the Samara hunter-gatherer. Please be respectful of copyright. I think they got everything except the colors right. The remains of the diadem-wearing woman (right) and a male (left) were buried together during the Bronze Age in La Almoloya. Facial reconstructions of Maykop Novosvobodnaya, Steppe Maykop and Yamnaya individuals. She also reports on general science, including archaeology and paleontology. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Then there was the artistic decision that had to be made with Stafford Road Man, a Saxon-era adult who likely died from a terrible facial abscess. Yamnaya people seem to have expanded pfc, which seems to cause the "high nose bridge". NASA warns of 3 skyscraper-sized asteroids headed toward Earth this week. Right: Reconstruction of Yamnaya-skull. He pioneered paleo-anthropological facial reconstruction of historic figures. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. RT @Sulkalmakh: Facial reconstruction of an Eneolithic man from Bamut, Chechnya. ], https://thuletide.wordpress.com/2021/03/13/facial-reconstructions-of-ancient-europeans-from-mesolithic-to-bronze-age-infographic-collages/, [Blog Feedback] Do you have an off-topic suggestion, request, question, or complaint? Original file (1,548 1,386 pixels, file size: 4.61 MB, MIME type: image/png). The bygone Britons were brought back to life over the course of 14 months by Oscar Nilsson, an archaeologist and sculptor who has reimagined the faces of other individuals in history, including a 1,200-year-old Peruvian noblewoman and a 9,000-year-old teenager from Greece. The skull with the inward jaw could have belonged to an old man. They lived primarily as nomads, with a chiefdom system and wheeled carts that allowed them to manage large herds. Hes one of the only content creators covering European history in an honest way, free of all Leftist ideological biases, and based on all of the latest scientific data. Laura is the archaeology/history and Life's Little Mysteries editor at Live Science. How a zoo break-in changed the life of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds. Before any virtual reconstruction, anthropologists clean, stabilize and study the deceased's skeleton to determine the person's sex, age of death, general health and other characteristics. (Indo-European) aka steppe people. Courtesy Royal Pavilion & Museums, Brighton & Hove. Download Citation | First bioanthropological evidence for Yamnaya horsemanship | The origins of horseback riding remain elusive. This is an older article and comments, but in case anyone else stumbles across it: No, lactose intolerance has NOTHING to do with pasteurization. Lupodellamontagna. Male face from Yamnaya culture, from the Caspian steppes in Russia between 5,000-4,800 years ago. We need more data and better tools before we can know if they were blond and had blue eyes. yamna yamnaya bronzeage reconstruction bronze_age Here's a big fellow. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. She has won multiple awards from the Society of Professional Journalists and the Washington Newspaper Publishers Association for her reporting at a weekly newspaper near Seattle. The infection was probably grotesquely swollen at the time of his death, but Nilsson chose not to exaggerate the ailment. WebYamnaya Facial Reconstruction (Bykovo) Yamnaya Facial Reconstruction (Novoalekseevka) Anglo-Saxon Pagan Temple. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. I personally am more interested in skull shape etc, as I think it effects proportions of different brain regions and hence behavior. Those are the blond guys from Central Asia. A Yamnaya all-father. The Yamnaya culture was a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the the Pontic steppe (north of the Black Sea) dating to 33002600 BC. Recent genome studies of ancient European populations enable Nilsson to outfit his reconstructions with reasonably accurate estimates of skin, hair, and eye color. According to the only source I could find on his height, he was estimated to be about two meters tall (that's 6'6" for us mortals) and had a jaw and a browridge like a superhero. The Stafford Road Man, left, and the Patcham Woman, right, are among the facial reconstructions of ancient locals who lived on the coast of southern England over the past 40,000 years. As far as I know, these are the first modern, professionally made, fully colored Yamnaya reconstructions, with accurate pigmentation phenotypes. reconstruction chalcolithic indoeuropean yamna bronze_age yamnaya bronzeage. Her work has appeared in The New York Times, Scholastic, Popular Science and Spectrum, a site on autism research. Apparently, Tutankhamen had R1b haplogroup (so do I) which shows that both of us descend (father to son, father to son, on down the centuries) from a warrior of the steppe. The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans, and is the strongest candidate for the urheimat (original homeland) of the Proto-Indo-European language (of which English is just one of many descendants). European people look and speak how they do because these wagon driving, horse riding warriors are our ancestors. Facial reconstruction of an Eneolithic man from Koskuduk, Kazakhstan. His skeleton was buried in a kurgan, crouched on its back and covered in red ocher. What is wind chill, and how does it affect your body? I wanted to show him with some kind of dignity, and establish a connection between him and the visitor to the museum., Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. by Dan | May 13, 2020 | writing | 4 comments. I here that those who drink raw milk do not get lactose intolerant. "The biggest challenge about this facial reconstruction was that the upper portion of her skull did not survive the ages," Joana Bruno, the freelance scientific illustrator who created the digital reconstructions and a collaborator with the La Almoloya archaeologists at the Autonomous University of Barcelona, told Live Science in an email. Learn how your comment data is processed. Articles covering history, nature, ecology, race, metaphysics, politics, etc. Blond hair originated in the Baltic/Scandinavian region perhaps 12,000 years ago and blue eyes are found there too (and were dominant among Western Hunter-Gatherers).Small and slender, Whitehawk Woman lived about 5,600 years ago and died before the age of 25, possibly during childbirth (the remains of a fetus were found in her pelvic area). "And, since the DNA can tell us more about their kinship, it is also an opportunity to see if these faces somehow carry similar features that could hint at those shared relationships.". (Image credit: Copyright Joana Bruno/ASOME/Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona). male who is half Swede (possibly 50% Saami) half Dane with ASD (Autism spectrum disorder), is it possible that a Yamna possessing ASD invented the wheel, the two wheeled cart and the four wheeled wagon, revolutionizing that culture and eventually the rest of the world? A digital image of one of the facial reconstructions in process. A year later, an exhibit at the Brighton Museum & Art Gallery revealed the faces of seven more ancient locals who lived on the coast of southern England over the past 40,000 years, showing how science confirms that the history of the region is much more complicated than we once thought. Animal Tribalism: Studies prove that in-group preference (racism) is a natural phenomenon found throughout the animalkingdom, Worlds Fair Expositions: Incredible lost architecture of the 19th Century [HD photogallery], New Yamnaya facial reconstructions, with accurate pigmentationphenotypes, Blog Feedback Comment Box [For Requests, Suggestions, Complaints, etc. Most of Homo Sapien and Neanderthalis interbreeding occured in the middle east as humans were just migrating out of Africa. Do you have a good collection of their ancients skulls that I can look at? From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository, Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine, Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png. I don't think they would have had the phenotypes assosciated with Northern Europeans and even if they did the percentage of actual neanderthal DNA is really low. ", Photos: Viking warrior is actually a woman, Photos: Prehistoric village holds Bronze Age treasures, In photos: Early Bronze Age chariot burial, The entire process and Bruno's collaboration with anthropologists highlights "the ability to estimate and 'rebuild' missing skeletal portions with the highest possible accuracy and without damaging the original," Cristina Rihuete Herrada, a professor of archaeology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona and a co-researcher of the 2021 study, told Live Science in an email. RT @Sulkalmakh: Facial reconstruction of an Eneolithic man from Bamut, Chechnya. Survive the Jive (edited) (Reconstruction: Aesthetics, Art etc., Facial reconstructions, History, Race. Bats and agaves make tequila possibleand theyre both at risk, This empress was the most dangerous woman in Rome. ", Related: 6 times that showed us women from antiquity were totally badass. So it seems that (at least some of) the ancestors of the Yamnaya were fairer than their descendants from the tested group of Yamnaya that we have. 2. The most modern local, a 40-something man excavated during building construction in the 1980s, dates to the Anglo-Saxon period, a time when England was first unified under one king, explains Richard Le Saux, the museums senior keeper of collections. Long COVID patients turn to unproven treatments, Why evenings can be harder on people with dementia, This disease often goes under-diagnosedunless youre white, This sacred site could be Georgias first national park, See glow-in-the-dark mushrooms in Brazils other rainforest, 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. One interesting aspect of the Yamnaya migration is that it seems to have consisted mostly of men. Why wetlands are so critical for life on Earth, Rest in compost? (1,548 1,386 pixels, file size: 4.61 MB, MIME type: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0, Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yamnaya_phenotype,_Reconstruction,_male,_grave_Novooleksiivka;_Ukraine.png&oldid=649809360, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Uploaded a work by Wojciech Pdzich, Robert Molyneaux from [https://www.quora.com/profile/Wojciech-P%C4%99dzich-1/Yamnaya-phenotype-Forensic-Reconstructian-of-a-male-from-Kurgan-Novooleksiivka-Ukraine-license-CC-BY-SA-4-0-origin] with UploadWizard. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong. Perhaps these riches indicate that the woman had more power than her burial partner, especially given that she outlived him and was still buried with treasured goods, the researchers said at the time. The Indo-Europeans probably burned their dead on funeral pyres, that gives us zero DNA. There were also great folk migrations where whole peoples seemed to up and move thousands of miles very quickly, to as far away as India and China, bringing the technology of horse riding, wagons, chariots, and bronze working to those places for the first time. Inventory incl. You can read the novella THE WOLF GOD for free now by signing up to my email newsletter. a flint arrowhead. Photos: Viking warrior is actually a woman, Photos: Prehistoric village holds Bronze Age treasures, In photos: Early Bronze Age chariot burial, In rare case, mother delivers two sets of identical twins, back to back. Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, So this idea that the Aryans were blue eyed blond hair people is honestly not too farfetched but they just didn't know there were older groups to look at like the Yamnaya, or maybe they did but they didn't give a shit because, you know, Nazi Germany. Too much science and When Bruno decided to digitally recreate the woman's face, it was in part due to the site's impressive preservation of many of its original inhabitants. Nilssons forensic technique starts with an exact 3D replica of the original skull, scanned, printed, and then modeled by hand to reflect bone structure and tissue thickness based on the individuals origin, sex, and estimated age at death. note : no room for racism and your nationalist nonesense, Press J to jump to the feed. Boldyrevo I, Kurgan I, Grave 1 was an elite burial of a Yamnaya (Pit-Grave Culture) man. The burial tradition is typical of Eneolithic Steppe populations, also known as Proto-Yamnaya. The digital facial reconstruction of the Bronze Age woman wearing the diadem. The genetic evidence suggests overwhelmingly that Yamnaya Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). Your email address will not be published. At present, were building general hypotheses based on a few individuals where DNA can be extracted. Different regions of Old Europe experienced different levels of interaction with these invading Yamnaya and other steppe people. Facial reconstruction of a Yamnaya/Proto-Indo-European woman. Facial reconstruction of Yamnaya/Sintashta. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The burial tradition is typical of Eneolithic Steppe populations, also known as Proto-Yamnaya." "The laser scan allows me to work with a digital replica of the original and minimize the manipulation of the bones, which are fragile objects," she said. Old cells hang around as we age, doing damage to the body. (By the time they reached Egypt they were a conglomeration of steppe and Semitic peoples). Your email address will not be published. Is this statement completely wrong? I thought IE tribes were blonde, blue eyed, fair skinned etc. All rights reserved. A National Geographic team has made the first ascent of the remote Mount Michael, looking for a lava lake in the volcanos crater. 29 Jan 2023 14:19:14 "La Almoloya is just a fascinating time capsule," she said. Yamnaya were likely nothing like the Aryans of Nazi mythology. The nazis subscribed to the theory that the Corded Ware in Germany were the original IE people. Facial Reconstruction of 6 Ancient Egyptians You Should Know That is somewhat shown in the archaeological evidence where the old cultural artefacts disappear when the Yamnaya show up. Because of these innovations they were probably the first people in history to solve the problem of living on the arid, barren grasslands of the Eurasian steppe rather than in the river valleys that cross it. One of the world's Some replies are auto-filtered by WordPress for admin approval. One of the stories that we're going with is how often we've been linked to Europe, and how much of our history is informed by series of mass migrations in each period, he explains, adding that Britain has been physically part of mainland Europe several times over history, the last time just 8,000 years ago. Can we bring a species back from the brink? A guide for complete novices, Freaks associated with NJP, Joel Davis, Keith Woods, etc. Although their ancestry peaks in the Slavic and Baltic nations in northeast Europe (I think), the blond hair and blue-eyed phenotype was present there long before their arrival. heh, look like a Russian and a Ukrainian but with darker features. Web424K views 1 year ago The Yamnaya culture, also called the Kurgan or Late Ochre Grave culture, of the late Neolithic and Bronze age Pontic steppe is believed to belong to one of These skeletons may have the answer, Scientists are making advancements in birth controlfor men, Blood cleaning? The swaggering 2,300-year-old Slonk Hill Man posed his own particular problems, Nilsson adds. I wanted her to look a bit curiousthinking about the futurebecause I'm thinking of the moment when you see her is perhaps before she's giving birth to the child that probably led to her death, says Nilsson. 16 Feb 2023 15:56:10 A "powerful, maybe even frightening" woman buried with a silver diadem in Bronze Age Spain now has a virtually reconstructed face that shows her wearing a serene expression and huge hoop earrings dangling from earplugs. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Can we bring a species back from the brink?, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. ( source) Its likely that they wintered in river valleys and took their cattle onto the steppe in summers for grazing. I have the impression their phenotype is portrayed inaccurately, there are remnants of Aryan phenotypes in Central Asia that are still of lighter eyes, hair and skin pigmentation, than what is presented in these recent facial reconstructions. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. The faces of ancient Brighton residents likely sparked Brexit-related conversations about the regions previous occupants and cultural connections to continental Europe, says Le Saux. I was obsessed with neuroscience so this basic idea doesn't seem that farfetched. RT @Sulkalmakh: Facial reconstruction of an Eneolithic man from Bamut, Chechnya. Very little I would say. Yamnaya culture, much like Steppe Maykop, traced a large amount of their ancestry to the Eneolithic Steppe cluster. WebForensic facial reconstruction of a Yamnaya male found in Novoalekseevka, Ukraine - featured in the documentary 'Yamnaya: Faces of the Indo-Europeans' by Thomas Rowsell a flint arrowhead. The Yamnaya culture was a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the the Pontic steppe (north of the Black Sea) dating to 33002600 BC. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Which travel companies promote harmful wildlife activities? They also drank milk, possibly the first people to develop lactose tolerance into adulthood.