Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . He declined battle with Pontus at the hill Philoboetus near Chaeronea before manoeuvring to capture higher ground and build earthworks. Encyclopedias. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. Historical documents : how to read them. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | UNRV Roman History [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. Learning in Black and White. [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". Primary sources - How to find resources by format - Research Guides at He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over". "[147] Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . Types of Sources Explained | Examples & Tips - Scribbr [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the iustitium and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position [received] little in return[,] perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". Find these with these special Subject terms. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Nemesis of the Roman Empire | Study.com These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. [17], One story, "as false as it is charming", relates that when Sulla was a baby, his nurse was carrying him around the streets, until a strange woman walked up to her and said, "Puer tibi et reipublicae tuae felix", which can be translated as, "The boy will be a source of luck to you and your state". Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all . However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. In this first video of a 2-part tutorial, we will discuss primary sources. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. Understanding Context: Awareness of the interconnection of events from the past, present and future. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. 719-549-2333. Church and W. J. Brodribb. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for Julius Caesar's dictatorship, and for the eventual end of the Republic under Augustus. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. PDF The Emperor Nero: A Guide to the Ancient Sources - Introduction Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. In . [57], The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city. Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. [139][140], Sulla's goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. sulla primary sources How Do I Find - Primary Sources | UCR Library Sulla, hearing this, feigned an attack while instructing his men to fraternise with Scipio's army. Guide. [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. A Timeline of the Wars of Marius and Sulla | History Hit Sulla was a man to whom, up to victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after victory, no criticism can be adequate. Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. His third wife was Cloelia, whom Sulla divorced due to sterility. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori deve essere convocata dal datore di lavoro e devono partecipare almeno il rappresentante dei lavoratori per la sicurezza (RLS) e il medico competente. Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. Tools for primary source analysis. Published by at 29, 2022. For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. vinifera, hereafter V. vinifera) shares a close relationship with humans ().With unmatched cultivar diversity, this food source (table and raisin grapes) and winemaking ingredient (wine grapes) became an emblem of cultural identity in major Eurasian civilizations (1-3), leading to intensive research in ampelography, archaeobotany, and historical . Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. Sources | Legacy of Sulla Wiki | Fandom Sulla, meanwhile, had to allow matters to unfold beyond his control. [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. His execution in AD 62 on the orders of emperor Nero made him the last of the Cornelii Sullae. Find & Discover | Primary Sources at Yale On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. Se l'azienda ha pi di 200 dipendenti, deve essere presente anche il rappresentante sindacale aziendale (RSA). [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. Turning south, he engaged the Pontic army allegedly 90,000[101] on the plain of Orchomenus. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . While besieging Pompeii, an Italian relief force came under Lucius Cluentius, which Sulla defeated and forced into flight towards Nola. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. [112] However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. . the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death). [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. [38] The next year, Sulla was elected military tribune and served under Marius,[39] and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. [17] Sallust declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. Primary sources - Roman Republic and Empire - Research Guides at CSU Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? What Is a Primary Source? - Definition & Examples - Study.com Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. Primary and Secondary Sources: How Should They Be Used? [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. At the same time, Mithridates attempted to force a land battle in northern Greece, and dispatched a large army across the Hellespont. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. By. Marius - in ancient sources @ attalus.org 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). What is a primary source? - Paperpile He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, Atellan farces, a kind of crude comedy. Internet History Sourcebooks Project: Ancient History - Fordham University He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius, Marius' son, Sulpicius, and nine others. Dual domestications and origin of traits in grapevine evolution Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. Plutarch - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. Copyright statement. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. [98] He separately besieged Athens and Piraeus (the Long Walls had since been demolished). A primary source (also called original . The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. Primary Sources - An Introductory Guide - Seton Hall University [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. Website. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. In a dispute over the command of the war against Mithridates, initially awarded to Sulla by the Senate, but withdrawn as a result of Marius' intrigues, Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act and defeated Marian forces in battle. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . With Sulpicius able to enact legislation without consular opposition, Sulla discovered that Marius had tricked him, for the first piece of legislation Sulpicius brought was a law transferring the command against Mithridates to Marius. [16] His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla' stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions. 101 BC: Took part in the defeat of the Cimbri at the, 90-89 BC: Senior officer in the Social War, as, Holds the consulship for the first time, with, 87 BC: Commands Roman armies to fight King, 85 BC: Liberates the provinces of Macedonia, Asia, and Cilicia from Pontic occupation, 83 BC: Returns to Italy and undertakes civil war against the factional Marian government, 83-82 BC: Enters war with the followers of Gaius Marius the Younger and Cinna, 82 BC: Obtains victory at the battle of the Colline Gate, 80 BC: Holds the consulship for the second time. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, when the U.S. Congress agreed to a declaration of war. Hanover Historical Texts Collection - History Department [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period.